Oxygen present in air is partially consumed in the combustion of hydrocarbon gases while the rest is consumed in the heterogeneous reaction with char The efficiency curve typically has a maximum within the allowable operating range. Lift gas flows through the annulus around production tubing and enters the production tubing through gas-lift valves located in the gas-lift mandrel. The gas Figure 2 indicates an acceptable steam quality.
The discharge from the valve through the tube is almost invisible. Sign up for free if you are not a member already. Share This! You may also like. Every crude oil deposit has a unique composition and proportion of these hydrocarbons.
Based upon this chemical composition, crude oil can have a range of densities from thick and viscous to light and fluid. It is designated as either sweet or sour depending upon residual amounts of sulfur and can range from a transparent golden yellow to a deep black. In order to be used within industry and for transportation the crude oil must be separated into its individual hydrocarbon-based fuels and lubricants.
Oil is used as lubricants, fuel, in plastics, cosmetics, and even medicine. It typically is deep below the surface of the earth, but can also be found bubbling up or even in the form of tar balls on the beach. An oil spill can introduce massive amounts of oil into the environment.
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill was the largest marine oil spill in U. The fire and explosion of the drilling rig cost 11 people their lives. Four years later, Alexey and I, together with an international team of academic and industrial collaborators, published a paper describing our findings. The method proved very effective. In the laboratory, we could reduce the sulfur concentration in a sulfur-rich diesel fuel sample from 10, parts-per-million to two, exceeding the ambitious international sulfur regulations for transportation fuels , and doing so at low temperatures and pressures.
Last year, two articles by Chinese scientists from multiple institutions in Jiangsu, Shandong , and Beijing applied our potassium-based method to remove the sulfur from raw coal mined in the Xinyu and Guxian regions. Their experiments using test tube-sized quantities of coal were successful and in 80 minutes they removed more than 60 per cent of the sulfur. At this stage, our desulfurization method has not yet been used to refine large quantities of fuel , so next steps involve implementing engineering solutions and tweaking the chemistry for scale-up.
Although work needs to be done to improve the desulfurisation technique to make it suitable for large-scale refining, these early results are encouraging. Nearly all sulfur dioxide emissions in India come from coal , causing approximately 33 million people to live in areas with substantial sulfur dioxide pollution.
This is expected to increase energy demand by 25 per cent through You can read us daily by subscribing to our newsletter. This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article. We are a voice to you; you have been a support to us.
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