In one study of 19 chronic marijuana smokers, citicoline mg daily for 8 weeks reduced impulsive reactions and improved cognition. Cut blood supply to a specific brain region can kill the neurons and inflict massive brain damage. Citicoline may help by strengthening nerve membranes and blocking free radical production [ 29 , 30 ]. The data from over 4, stroke survivors reveal that citicoline improves the outcomes and aids in recovery; higher doses 2, — 4, mg were more effective.
Two studies of over 3, patients found no significant benefits of CDP-choline for acute stroke [ 32 , 33 ]. Drugs that dissolve blood clots remain the first choice for acute stroke. Just like it shields the nerves in the brain and spinal cord, citicoline may have the same beneficial effects on the optic nerve.
It may reverse the damage of neurons in your retina and help with eye disorders such as [ 1 ]:. Increased eye pressure and other factors can damage the optic nerve and cause glaucoma, sometimes even leading to total blindness [ 36 ].
In two clinical trials with 80 glaucoma patients, long-term treatment with oral citicoline repaired nerve damage, improved eyesight, and slowed down disease progression [ 37 , 38 ]. Eye drops with citicoline showed the same results in another two clinical trials 68 patients [ 39 , 40 ]. It results in blurry vision in one eye [ 41 ]. Oral citicoline improved standard lazy eye treatment eye patching in three clinical trials with children [ 42 , 43 , 44 ].
Injections with CDP-choline 1, mg daily healed the optic nerve and improved vision in 10 adults with amblyopia. This study had a tiny sample and lacked a placebo control, making the results questionable [ 45 ]. Optic neuropathy is another form of optic nerve damage that may hinder your eyesight. No valid clinical evidence supports the use of citicoline for any of the conditions in this section.
Below is a summary of up-to-date animal studies, cell-based research, or low-quality clinical trials which should spark further investigation. Oxidative stress, autoimmune response, and environmental toxins can inflict severe brain cell damage. This is an important finding as APOE-e4 carriers respond differently often worse to various interventions [ 48 , 50 ]. As a result, the rats suffered less cognitive impairment, and their memory improved [ 53 ].
It also boosted the effects of standard treatment [ 54 , 55 ]. Inflammatory destruction of outer nerve sheet, myelin, can trigger multiple sclerosis with severe physical and cognitive impairments. In animals with multiple sclerosis, scientists observed the potential of citicoline to enhance myelin recovery and movement coordination [ 56 , 57 ].
The addition of citicoline to an antidepressant drug citalopram improved depression symptoms and recovery in a study with 50 patients [ 58 ].
In rats, CDP-choline raised noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin levels in the brain centers for memory, emotions, and movement [ 59 , 60 ]. In another study of 31 meth addicts, citicoline protected the brain and reduced drug use [ 61 , 62 ]. However, it produced no effects in a trial of 20 heavy cocaine users [ 63 , 64 , 65 ]. A review of nine trials concluded that citicoline may provide mild benefits for substance addiction, especially cocaine, but underlined the need for stronger clinical evidence [ 66 ].
Citicoline boosted the effects of standard treatment in 66 patients with schizophrenia. These are especially hard to treat with conventional drugs [ 67 ]. In 24 healthy adults, CDP-choline enhanced cognition by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are often underactive in schizophrenia [ 26 ]. This list does not cover all possible side effects.
Contact your doctor or pharmacist if you notice any other side effects. In Canada, you may report side effects to Health Canada at Many clinical trials with citicoline have confirmed its safety. In rare cases, it may cause mild digestive and nerve issues [ 18 , 31 , 25 , 47 , 61 , 10 , 37 ]. Long term use of high doses raised creatinine levels and kidney mineralization , likely due to its phosphorus content [ 68 ].
In another study on rats, citicoline increased the blood levels of ACTH , which stimulates the production of the stress hormone, cortisol. Children, pregnant women, and breastfeeding women should avoid citicoline until we know more about its safety in these sensitive groups. In patients with chronic cerebral ischemia, CDP-choline improves scores on cognitive evaluation scales, while in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type, it slows the disease's evolution.
Beneficial neuroendocrine, neuroimmunomodulatory and neurophysiological effects have been described. CDP-choline has also been shown to be effective as co-therapy for Parkinson's disease. No serious side effects have been found in any of the groups of patients treated with CDP-choline, which demonstrates the safety of the treatment. Abstract Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine, CDP-choline or citicoline, is an essential intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of the structural phospholipids of cell membranes, especially in that of phosphatidylcholine.
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I'm ready to learn. It appears to confer cognitive-promoting properties as a prodrug for these two compounds. This page is regularly updated, to include the most recently available clinical trial evidence. Research analysis led by Kamal Patel and reviewed by the Examine team. Last Updated: Oct 6, Summary of CDP-choline Primary information, health benefits, side effects, usage, and other important details. You must be logged before you can follow this page. Login Register. You are now following CDP-choline.
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Not a Member? Try Examine Membership completely free for two weeks. Grade Level of Evidence [show legend] Robust research conducted with repeated double-blind clinical trials Multiple studies where at least two are double-blind and placebo controlled Single double-blind study or multiple cohort studies Uncontrolled or observational studies only.
Level of Evidence? The amount of high quality evidence.
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